White Flint Mall: North Bethesda, MD

The crisis with enclosed malls in the past decade has had many victims, but the majority of troubled malls have been comprised of semi-rural and suburban mid-market malls.  In fact, most analysts have been saying that the only malls likely to survive are outlet malls and those that are higher end destination malls.  The problem is that even in that demographic, not all malls initially marketed as upscale have survived the huge earthquake in the retail industry.  In essence, three factors are at play when upscale malls fail. These factors include overbuilding of upscale malls that essentially cannibalize a relatively small shopping demographic, demographic shifts that have diluted the pool of potentially well-heeled customers and re-positioning coupled with expansion of competing and often busier mid-market malls into upscale malls.  All of those were a factor in the eventual decline of White Flint Mall in Bethesda, MD.

When White Flint Mall opened in 1977, it was a premier shopping destination for the fast-growing edge city of Bethesda.  Built by Maryland-based Lerner Enterprises (owners of Lerner Shops, now New York & Company), the mall directly competed with four other malls: Montgomery Mall, Wheaton Plaza, Mazza Gallerie (which opened shortly after White Flint opened) and tiny Georgetown Square (then anchored by JCPenney).  However, the 800,000 square ft. mall was still largely a boutique offering three anchors including two new to the market.  All of these anchors were upscale selling higher end merchandise.  Because of that, it effectively positioning the mall as the most upscale mall in the area aside from smaller Mazza Gallerie.  Opening with Lord & Taylor, Bloomingdale's and the only East Coast location of now-defunct I. Magnin, the three-level mall was both architecturally stunning and elegant.  In fact, the mall remained very popular for about 30 years.  The factors described above, however, began its downfall.

White Flint Mall is fascinating for a number of reasons with the center court being the most fun part of the mall.  The elevated platform on top of a center tower gives the mall a tree house feel.  Above is a former overlook that got access cut off in subsequent remodels.  The first photo shows the front of the mall with the former Bloomingdale's on the right.



It is interesting that this feature was retained in the mall despite neither the elevator nor any staircase existing to reach it.

The tower in the middle rises three levels to an elevated platform slightly higher than the rest of the third level.

The tower includes a walk-through area giving access to the elevator

A pill-shaped elevator transports shoppers three levels with an overlook of the mall.  These were cutting edge in the late 70's.

Probably the biggest factor in the decline of White Flint Mall was the wealth that brought the mall to the area in the first place.  Very wealthy areas tend to be highly competitive, and likewise they tend to have an ever increasing value in the real estate.  In the past decade, a three-level traditional mall has had to stay very profitable to justify the cost of operating in such an expensive area, and the increasing vacancies in the mall were hurting that profitability.  In addition, the mall had major competition coming from both Montgomery Mall and a major upscale retail district in Friendship Heights in Northwest DC (which includes Mazza Gallerie).  Further away, the increasing popularity of Tyson's Corner as the premier upscale shopping destination for all of DC Metro also began to have a significant effect.  When White Flint opened Tyson's Corner Center was a mid-market regional mall far from being the region's leading mall today.  Another factor was that the mall was more difficult to reach than most other area malls lacking direct interstate access compared to both Montgomery Mall and Tyson's Corner.

At the base of the tower, center court was originally a showcase of fountains, all of which were later filled in and/or removed.

The Lord & Taylor wing is actually the least exciting part of the mall with the third level sealed off for offices.  With no access to Lord & Taylor, that entire wing appears to have been sealed off years ago.  Most likely it was closed off in the 90's to hide the increase in vacancies in the mall.  These pictures were taken in 2012 prior to the departure of 

Lord & Taylor holds on to disco era mall entrances.  It is the sole remaining anchor at the once three anchor mall.

Since Lord & Taylor was only two levels, the third level never actually connected to any anchor along that wing.  It appears it was once open, but eventually it was converted to offices.  This view is looking back towards center court.

View of the Lord & Taylor entrance from the second level.

Over time, White Flint Mall began to suffer due to inability to better position itself to attract upscale shoppers and department stores when faced with better positioned competition.  Too suburban for the ultra wealthy, too middle class for high end department stores and too inconvenient for commuters, the mall's two main competitors began to aggressively expand their offerings thus making White Flint less appealing.  With White Flint never having had either a major expansion or significant major renovation, the mall gradually lost its appeal when shoppers were pulled away in three different directions.  For instance, when I. Magnin closed in 1992 it was replaced by Borders Books (which itself closed in 2011).  Just the fact that Nordstrom had passed over the mall in the previous year for a nearby mall was the first sign of trouble.  While Borders was indeed a draw, that did nothing to bring in the upscale shoppers needed to keep the mall viable.  Border's joined Dave & Busters in a failed attempt to make the mall more entertainment oriented, but this did not mesh with the more stodgy anchor lineup.

View of the Bloomingdale's wing with the already-closed Bloomingdale's

Looking back to center court from Bloomingdale's.

Third floor with Dave & Busters on the left

Closed theaters on third floor next to center court (adjacent to the closed portion of the third floor)

View of Bloomindale's from second floor

Steps from second to third

Bloomingdale's mall entrance from second level is super spooky

Bloomingdale's from third level

While White Flint was struggling to position itself, its competitors were increasingly drawing business away from the mall.  The huge blow of Nordstrom choosing Montgomery Mall over White Flint in 1991 altered the balance between White Flint and Montgomery Mall.  At the time, Montgomery Mall already had higher end Woodward & Lothrop, so the base of upscale shoppers began shifting away from White Flint.  The second and hardest blow came from the redevelopment of the former Hecht's (originally Woodward & Lothrop) in Friendship Heights as part of the Wisconsin Place redevelopment.  The demolished Hecht's was replaced in 2007 with a brand new Bloomingdale's that effectively cannibalized sales at White Flint's own Bloomingdale's.  In addition, the mall has always had to compete with Mazza Gallerie, which abuts the Wisconsin Place development in Friendship Heights.  Anchored by Saks Fifth Avenue and Neiman Marcus, the smaller boutique mall is situated in a complex with probably the most concentrated cluster of high-end department stores outside New York City.  In addition, the complex includes a free-standing Lord & Taylor, which surprisingly has always operated simultaneously with the White Flint store.

Old food court sign looks pretty stuck in the early 90's

Mall directory showing the engine shape of the mall.  

The main entry corridor was once pretty grand with soaring escalators overhead to the I. Magnin store, which later became Border's.  Instead of occupying all three levels it was approached via an escalator from the single-level entrance wing on the first floor.

Inside Lord & Taylor at the mall entrance

Dave & Busters sign on the third floor

In early 2012, it was announced that Bloomingdale's would leave the increasingly vacant White Flint Mall citing poor sales.  With the Friendship Heights store essentially replacing it, Bloomingdale's no longer had a need to operate such a large store at a dying mall that was tarnishing its image.  Closing in March of that year, the building was demolished within a year to make way for the planned redevelopment of the mall.  Redevelopment plans have been ambitious including demolishing the mall for a mixed used development that, according to this article, will have 21 new buildings including a 300 room hotel, four office towers, twelve highrise residential towers and a million square feet of retail space.  In other words, White Flint will effectively be rebuilt into the urban downtown that Bethesda never had.  Seeing the writing on the wall, it seemed that the remaining players would also stay on board with the plan.  As it turned out, that was far from the case.

Third level "yellow" level parking deck entrance.  The rear parking deck provided access to all three levels of the mall.

Inside of third level entrance

The mall's exterior was certainly straight up late 70's with its penitentiary-like brutalism that also resembled many office buildings of the period with the elongated single pane windows.  

Dave & Busters has both outside and interior access.

Another view of the third level deck entrance

The first to react to the planned redevelopment was Lord & Taylor, which still operates at the mall today.   At the pending announcement, Lord & Taylor sued to attempt to block the redevelopment in hopes of preventing the mall from being demolished while stuck in a long-term lease.  While they lost in appeal, the fight turned out not to be over.  It turns out that it wasn't just Lord & Taylor fighting the redevelopment.  Joining in the fun is Dave & Busters who claims that lease terms prevent them being evicted.  Even better is Lawrence Lerner, brother of Ted Lerner and original managing partner of the mall has also sued to block redevelopment.  With a 2% stake in the mall, he claims that the redevelopment plan violates the original 1975 partnership agreement and that action on the mall was taken without his consent.  It is a uniquely nasty fight surrounding a clearly troubled mall that has little chance of ever again succeeding as an enclosed mall.  The result has held up redevelopment of the mall for months with the almost completely vacant mall still open to the public.  In fact, the interior mall corridor was supposed to close in December 2013.  Though held up, the demolition hurdles have mostly been cleared away when it was reported on July 24th that a judge ordered Dave & Busters out of the mall within 30 days.  Up to their departure, Dave & Busters along with Lord & Taylor were the last two tenants remaining in the mall with the interior mall only still open because patrons to Dave & Busters must enter the mall on the third level.

Lord & Taylor's simple Mid-Century modernism on their store exteriors has not changed much.  The white brick is the same although the arches give away its 60's and 70's design.  The anchor apparently will remain open even after the mall is gone.  

Aside from the issues surrounding the mall, White Flint Mall is a very distinct looking mall.  With three main corridors, the mall has many unusual elements.  First is the center court, which includes a center tower with an elevated platform on the third level.  On that platform, it appears that it was possible to once go even higher to overlook the mall judging by the presence of a now inaccessible walkway above the main court.  The mall also appears to have originally had a full third level with part of the third level sealed off and converted to offices due to lack of access to anchor tenant Lord & Taylor.  Lord & Taylor is a two level store in lieu of Bloomingdale's, which had four levels.  Most fascinating of all, though, was I. Magnin, which instead of anchoring the mall in a traditional fashion was situated in the middle of the main entrance wing above the main mall itself.  Shoppers entering the main glass entry encountered escalators in the middle of the entry, which took shoppers to the first level of the store on the mall's second level.  Looking up, more escalators were also visible criss-crossing the two levels of I. Magnin directly above the main mall with the glass canopy bringing light into not only the first level of the mall but also the store itself.  This was not altered when Border's took over the space.  The mall also had three fountains originally, all which were removed in later minor renovations.  One of those was at the base of the escalator at the entrance to I. Magnin with the others in center court at the base of the multi-story tower in the center.  The center also has a rear parking deck that provides direct access to all three levels of the mall.

Southeastern view of the now-demolished former Bloomingdale's

South/southwest entrance of Bloomindale's.

 West entrance of Bloomingdale's facing roughly Rockville Pike (MD 355)

Close-up of main entrance.  The Cheesecake Factory used to be on the right.  I Magnin was inside the glass atrium.  

Today, the mall has turned into a shell awaiting the demolition of the complex, which originally started early in 2014 with the Bloomindale's demolition.  The Bloomingdale's wing has been sealed off with drywall, and an empty pad is growing weeds where a four-story Bloomingdale's once stood.  In its place, a temporary metal awning protects the former mall entrance from the elements, and bracing secures the concrete walls that were part of the basement level of Bloomingdale's.  While Dave & Busters continues to be a major draw to the mall, Lord & Taylor clearly has a sparse amount of customers.  Most likely Lord & Taylor is looking for a way to break or terminate their lease so that they can consolidate into their Friendship Heights store or secure a location at Montgomery Mall when Sears closes.  In all, White Flint was one of many malls whose successful run had run its course.  It was simply unable to adapt to the complex and poorly understood changes in the industry.  Unfortunately, it was also one of the most interesting malls in the city.  As one of the most fascinating malls in the DC region, time is up for what was once one of DC's most upscale shopping destinations.

Northlake Mall: Charlotte, NC

Charlotte has it all retail-wise: one of the most upscale malls in the South, an enormous dead mall, funky older malls in various disguises and also one of the newest malls in the country: Northlake Mall.  Opened in 2005, Northlake is famously one of the very last malls built as malls have been falling out of favor due to the enormous costs of operation in conjunction with the decline of department stores.  Northlake also displays the best of mid-00's architecture featuring contemporary, attractive design throughout somewhat offsetting the total absence of fountains, planters and sunken seating areas.  It is a popular mall, but it is a bit unusual in its store offerings and controversial due to its direct influence in the death of near-legendary Eastland Mall.  While a conventional mall in every sense, the mall has attracted crowds looking for a quality mall without the inconvenience of driving across town and fighting red lights to get to South Park.

Northlake would be a perfectly situated mall if not for Charlotte's notorious gap in its relatively new belt route, I-485.  Currently, the mall is tucked at the southwest corner of where I-485 and I-77 converge, but with little traffic on I-485 due to its lack of nearby connection with I-85, it is not helping much currently.  It is still a mall in the "middle of nowhere" waiting for sprawl to catch up to it.  While some strip development has joined the mall, the area still has a ways to go.  It clearly was built on the model of so many malls in cities like Atlanta where it was built out in a semi-rural area with the expectation that subdivisions, apartments, office parks and strip malls would flock to join it.  While not outstanding by any stretch, it is pleasant to see a new mall for a change in lieu of the dated centers found most everywhere else.

This view is taken just outside of Belk on the lower level.  This is about the only thing I do not like about the mall is how the bottom floor is flush with nothing of any draw along the way.  I guess this allowed them to build "air conditioned sidewalks" on a narrower footprint.  The first photo is the inside of the front entrance, which is also the food court.

Walking along the lower level toward center court with more of the mall in focus.

I cannot deny that even with the absence of water features or sunken areas that the center court is very eye-catching.

Northlake faces some unique challenges not given to malls from the 90's back.  First, the mall did not open with a full deck of anchor stores.  While Belk, Hecht's (now Macy's) and Dillard's gladly joined the mall, Sears and JCPenney curiously wanted no part in the center.  Galyan's Sporting Goods (now Dick's) also joined the mall as an anchor proving how malls are more willing not to focus on department stores.  Nevertheless, the mall features a standard mid-market lineup of stores including a complete set of Limited stores, an elaborate food court and two levels of shopping.  It would have likely hurt South Park, but South Park had already made strides to better their shopping experience putting it in a different league.

Another view of center court.  Imagine if an artificial waterfall falling into a small "river" surrounded by lush ferns flowing slightly lower than the floor were built into this court.  That is the only thing keeping it from being amazing.

Dillard's mall entrance is a bit less than amazing.  Too bad Ivey's is not here instead.

Here is a map of the mall.  It doesn't look as intriguing on paper.

In a larger city, Northlake Mall would definitely be forming its own edge city, but in reality it is really not that far from Uptown Charlotte.  This is why the mall contributed to the demise of Eastland Mall, which itself was very close to Uptown.  This is also not the only mall it hurt as it, along with Concord Mills, has caused Carolina Mall in nearby Concord to struggle as well.  Carolina Mall will likely die if Sears and JCPenney decide to join Northlake at some point in the future, because they will definitely leave Carolina Mall in that case.  It seems overall that Charlotte can really only handle three major malls, so Northlake joins South Park and Carolina Place as the major malls in the city in the north, central and south, respectively.  They might handle more, but there is not exactly a huge mall-less rural area outside: the outer cities around it have malls of their own.

A view from the upper level shows one-sided high windows in lieu of overhead skylights.  Above is a latticework partial arch, which seemed to rule everything retail from this era.

Dick's Sporting Goods mall entrance.  I've noticed that the Dick's that started out as Galyan's were far larger than the stores they built on their own.

Returning to center court on the upper level.  The brick columns definitely pay tribute to the late 60's malls even though they were intended to pay ode to new urbanism.

A topic of conversation lately in regard to Northlake Mall is what the effect will be on the mall due to Eastland's closing.  The belief is that the ghetto element that is perceived to have destroyed Eastland is going to drift up to Northlake with nowhere else to go.  This is a bit curious to me since Northlake is still a good ways out of the city and obviously the "ghetto" can get to South Park far easier and quicker than they could Northlake.  Of course, I do not know that much about the neighborhood around Northlake, so I really cannot say for sure.  South Park, however, has done a great job hiding the fact that they are far closer to that "bad element", and that they have problems of their own.  South Park may not have survived had it not been for the upscaling project that it undertook in the past decade.  What it did do, however, was keep Northlake down to an average upper middle mall when it might have otherwise become the dominant mall in the region.  Perhaps management at South Park knew this, and that was why they quickly lured in Nordstrom and later Neiman Marcus.  That's fair enough since South Park is far more interesting mall with a lot of history.

The upper level of center court is a sight to behold.  This carries into the food court and front entrance as well.  The underside of those skylights is wood trimmed.

Walking into the food court area.  At the end is the front entrance and a Borders bookstore on the left.  My first photo also shows this area.

Macy's, formerly Hecht's.  Unfortunately, this bland mall entrance is nothing compared to those of old.  Do they realize this makes department stores look less important and outmoded?  Macy's using black letters did not help either.

Another thing that truly benefited Northlake was the failure of the lifestyle center projects that were planned in the city.  Lifestyle centers should never be taken for granted: they caused the death or decline of multiple malls in Birmingham and are pulling down malls in other cities across the country.  Three dominant malls is probably sufficient for a city the size of Charlotte, and if a fourth were built it would need to be east of the city somewhere near where US 74 and I-485 intersect.   My guess is that if Charlotte starts growing again that Northlake will become a regional powerhouse, but right now it is already a decent A-list mall.  Regardless, it seems to have a bit of mid-market overkill in terms of department stores.  It is definitely just an average mall, and nothing is really substantial about it except that it's new, nice and clean with a contemporary look and decent stores for the average person that cannot budget for Armani, Burberry and Neiman Marcus.

Belk's mall entrance looks somewhat more substantial.  It should in its home turf, and it is a nice store inside, too. 

Here I am looking back from the Belk mall entrance.  This court seems to have more traditional skylights, and this shot gives a nice view of the upper level.

One of the entrances here looks quite tasteful, but I do have to wonder about the lower part deliberately hanging at the weird angle.  It reminds me of some of the Ripley's Believe It or Not tourist traps.  You expect to walk in and find an Eiffel Tower made of toothpicks.

I guess for me what was nice about Northlake was to see a new mall again.  When was the last time you saw a regional mall that still had its shiny luster, mildew had yet to overtake the exterior and the surrounding area had a smooth traffic flow with manageable strip mall clutter?  I can also say design-wise that there were definitely things I liked.  I though the ceiling treatments and skylight elements were fantastic.  I also thought the use of materials maintained a nice blend of moody without being depressing: a design I think overall will age gracefully.  I hope the mall does well, because so far it is one of the last of its kind.   I also hope that this is truly is not one of the last malls ever to be built.  Can we please do better than overblown inverted strips for shopping malls?

Macy's, formerly Hecht's, on the outside.  Hecht's was here so briefly that if you blinked you would miss it.

Belk has the most original and best looking design for a store at the mall.  I guess being privately held by the namesake family near the company headquarters helps them to care more about how their stores look.

Dillard's, however, put up their latest clone.  No fun allowed here.

Departing, I captured the mall sign.  This is something I fail to do when I cover these places quite often.